<!-- summary: ROM Method Tables for Memory-Efficient Method Registration -->

# ROM Method Tables

ROM method tables allow C methods to be registered using static data
stored in ROM (read-only memory) rather than heap-allocated RAM. This
saves significant memory on embedded systems where RAM is scarce.

## Motivation

In a default mruby build, `mrb_open()` builds ~40 classes with ~700+
method entries at startup. Each method entry is heap-allocated via
individual `mrb_define_method_id()` calls. On a constrained MCU, this
consumes ~14KB of RAM for method table metadata alone.

ROM method tables eliminate this cost by placing method metadata in
static `const` data at compile time. Only runtime mutations (e.g.,
reopening a class to add methods) trigger heap allocation.

## Architecture

### Chained Layers

Each class has a method table (`mt`) pointer to a linked list of
`mrb_mt_tbl` layers:

```
String.mt -> [mutable layer] -> [string_ext ROM] -> [string_core ROM] -> NULL
```

**Lookup** walks the chain front-to-back, returning the first match.
The method cache makes repeated lookups O(1), so the chain walk
only occurs on cache misses.

**Mutation** uses copy-on-write (COW): if the top layer is read-only,
a new mutable layer is created in front of it. The ROM data is never
modified.

```
Before: String.mt -> [string_ext ROM] -> [string_core ROM] -> NULL

After String.define_method(:foo):
         String.mt -> [mutable: foo] -> [string_ext ROM] -> [string_core ROM] -> NULL
```

### Memory Layout

Each `mrb_mt_tbl` stores method entries as an array of `mrb_mt_entry`
structs, each combining a function pointer, a symbol key, and flags:

```
ptr -> [ entry[0] | entry[1] | ... | entry[N-1] ]
       |<-- mrb_mt_entry: { val, key, flags } -->|
```

Values are `union mrb_mt_ptr` (function pointer or proc pointer). Keys
are pure `mrb_sym` (no flag encoding). Flags are a separate `uint32_t`
field that stores visibility, func/proc type, and argument spec.

Entries are searched linearly, so source code order does not matter.
The method cache makes repeated lookups O(1), so the linear scan
only occurs on cache misses.

### Per-State Wrappers

The `const mrb_mt_entry[]` arrays are truly static and shared across
the process. However, the `mrb_mt_tbl` wrapper (which carries the
`next` pointer for chaining) is heap-allocated per `mrb_state` by
`MRB_MT_INIT_ROM()`. This allows multiple `mrb_state` instances in
the same process to each have independent method table chains, even
when linking to the same const entries.

## How to Define a ROM Method Table

### Step 1: Define the Static Data

Include `<mruby/class.h>` (which provides `mrb_mt_entry`,
`MRB_MT_ENTRY()`, and flag constants) and define the ROM entries:

```c
#include <mruby/class.h>

static const mrb_mt_entry my_rom_entries[] = {
  MRB_MT_ENTRY(my_method_a,  MRB_SYM(method_a), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
  MRB_MT_ENTRY(my_method_b,  MRB_SYM(method_b), MRB_ARGS_NONE()),
  MRB_MT_ENTRY(my_method_eq, MRB_OPSYM(eq),     MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
};
```

### Step 2: Register in the Init Function

Replace `mrb_define_method_id()` calls with a single
`MRB_MT_INIT_ROM()` call:

```c
void
mrb_mruby_mygem_gem_init(mrb_state *mrb)
{
  struct RClass *c = mrb_define_class_id(mrb, MRB_SYM(MyClass), mrb->object_class);
  MRB_MT_INIT_ROM(mrb, c, my_rom_entries);
}
```

`MRB_MT_INIT_ROM()` allocates a per-state wrapper and pushes the ROM
layer onto the class's method table chain.

### Step 3: Verify

Build and run the test suite. ROM tables are semantically transparent
to Ruby code.

## Reference

### Data Types

Defined in `include/mruby/class.h`:

```c
union mrb_mt_ptr {
  const struct RProc *proc;
  mrb_func_t func;
};

typedef struct mrb_mt_entry {
  union mrb_mt_ptr val;
  mrb_sym key;              /* pure symbol ID (no flags packed) */
  uint32_t flags;           /* method flags + aspec */
} mrb_mt_entry;

typedef struct mrb_mt_tbl {
  int             size;
  int             alloc;       /* bit 30: MRB_MT_READONLY_BIT */
  mrb_mt_entry   *ptr;
  struct mrb_mt_tbl  *next;    /* next (lower-priority) layer, or NULL */
} mrb_mt_tbl;
```

### Macros

```c
/* ROM table entry: 3rd param is MRB_ARGS_*() optionally OR'd with
   MRB_MT_PRIVATE.  The macro OR's in MRB_MT_FUNC automatically. */
#define MRB_MT_ENTRY(fn, sym, flags) \
  { { .func = (fn) }, (sym), (flags) | MRB_MT_FUNC }

/* Extract aspec from combined flags */
#define MRB_MT_ASPEC(flags) ((mrb_aspec)((flags) & 0xffffff))

/* Allocate a per-state ROM wrapper and push onto class method chain */
#define MRB_MT_INIT_ROM(mrb, cls, entries) \
  mrb_mt_init_rom(mrb, cls, entries, \
                  (int)(sizeof(entries)/sizeof(entries[0])))
```

### Flags

| Flag             | Value   | Description                         |
| ---------------- | ------- | ----------------------------------- |
| `MRB_MT_FUNC`    | (1<<24) | C function (auto-set by macro)      |
| `MRB_MT_PUBLIC`  | 0       | Public visibility (default)         |
| `MRB_MT_PRIVATE` | (1<<25) | Private visibility (in entry param) |

The third parameter to `MRB_MT_ENTRY()` is an `MRB_ARGS_*()`
expression optionally OR'd with `MRB_MT_PRIVATE`. The aspec value
occupies bits 0-23 and the visibility flag occupies bit 25; these
ranges do not overlap, so the values are simply OR'd together.
`MRB_MT_FUNC` is set automatically. The no-arg optimization is
derived at runtime from `aspec == 0` (`MRB_ARGS_NONE()`).

**How to write entries:**

- **`MRB_MT_ENTRY(fn, sym, MRB_ARGS_*(...))`**: Public method.
- **`MRB_MT_ENTRY(fn, sym, MRB_ARGS_*(...) | MRB_MT_PRIVATE)`**:
  Private method.
- Use the same `MRB_ARGS_*()` macros as `mrb_define_method_id()`.

### Symbol Macros

Use the presym macros for keys. See `doc/guides/symbol.md` for the
full list:

```c
MRB_SYM(size)       /* size */
MRB_SYM_B(chomp)    /* chomp! */
MRB_SYM_Q(frozen)   /* frozen? */
MRB_SYM_E(name)     /* name= */
MRB_OPSYM(add)      /* + */
MRB_OPSYM(eq)       /* == */
MRB_OPSYM(aref)     /* [] */
MRB_OPSYM(aset)     /* []= */
MRB_OPSYM(cmp)      /* <=> */
MRB_IVSYM(name)     /* @name */
```

### API

```c
void mrb_mt_init_rom(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c,
                     const mrb_mt_entry *entries, int size);
```

Allocates a per-state `mrb_mt_tbl` wrapper for the const entries and
pushes it onto the class's method table chain. The wrapper is tracked
in `mrb->rom_mt` and freed at `mrb_close()`. Use the `MRB_MT_INIT_ROM`
macro to auto-compute the size. Multiple calls push additional layers,
which is how extension gems add methods to core classes.

## Entry Correspondence

Each `MRB_MT_ENTRY()` bundles a function pointer with its method name
and flags in a single line. Their order in the source code does not
matter, but keeping related methods
together improves readability.

**Method aliases** (two names for the same function) are expressed as
separate entries sharing the same function pointer:

```c
static const mrb_mt_entry str_rom_entries[] = {
  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_str_size, MRB_SYM(size),   MRB_ARGS_NONE()),
  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_str_size, MRB_SYM(length), MRB_ARGS_NONE()),
};
```

## Conditional Methods

Methods that depend on build configuration (e.g., `MRB_NO_FLOAT`) can
use `#ifdef` directly inside the ROM entries array. The `sizeof` in
`MRB_MT_INIT_ROM()` automatically adjusts to the number of entries
that survive preprocessing:

```c
static const mrb_mt_entry integer_rom_entries[] = {
  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_to_s, MRB_SYM(to_s), MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)),
  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_add,  MRB_OPSYM(add), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_to_f, MRB_SYM(to_f), MRB_ARGS_NONE()),
#endif
};
```

For conditional methods on a **different class**, use a separate ROM
table wrapped in the `#ifdef`:

```c
#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
static const mrb_mt_entry float_rom_entries[] = { ... };
#endif

void mrb_init_numeric(mrb_state *mrb) {
  MRB_MT_INIT_ROM(mrb, integer, integer_rom_entries);
#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
  MRB_MT_INIT_ROM(mrb, fl, float_rom_entries);
#endif
}
```

## Extension Gems

Extension gems use exactly the same pattern. Since gems are
initialized after core, calling `MRB_MT_INIT_ROM()` pushes the gem's
ROM layer in front of the core ROM layer:

```c
/* mrbgems/mruby-string-ext/src/string.c */

static const mrb_mt_entry string_ext_rom_entries[] = { ... };

void mrb_mruby_string_ext_gem_init(mrb_state *mrb)
{
  struct RClass *s = mrb->string_class;
  MRB_MT_INIT_ROM(mrb, s, string_ext_rom_entries);
}
```

After initialization, String's method table chain looks like:

```
String.mt -> [string_ext ROM, 53 methods]
          -> [string_core ROM, 46 methods]
          -> NULL
```

A gem may also define ROM tables for multiple classes:

```c
void mrb_mruby_mygem_gem_init(mrb_state *mrb)
{
  MRB_MT_INIT_ROM(mrb, mrb->string_class, string_mygem_rom_entries);
  MRB_MT_INIT_ROM(mrb, mrb->integer_class, integer_mygem_rom_entries);
}
```

## Methods That Cannot Use ROM Tables

Some methods must remain as `mrb_define_method_id()` calls:

- **Class methods** (`mrb_define_class_method_id()`): ROM tables
  register instance methods only.
- **Module functions** (`mrb_define_module_function_id()`): Same
  reason.
- **Methods requiring `mrb_state*` at definition time**: For example,
  methods that create frozen RProc objects during init.
- **Methods on dynamically created classes**: Classes created at
  init time (not stored in `mrb->xxx_class`) that require
  `mrb_define_class()` to obtain the class pointer.
- **Cross-class methods** (methods on a class the gem does not own):
  Each ROM table adds a 16-byte `mrb_mt_tbl` layer to the target
  class's chain. For 1-2 methods, this overhead exceeds the savings.
  Use `mrb_define_method_id()` instead -- cross-class methods share
  the target class's existing mutable layer.

These methods are added after `MRB_MT_INIT_ROM()` and go into the
mutable layer that sits in front of the ROM chain.

## Runtime Behavior

### Open Classes (COW)

Ruby's open classes work transparently. When a Ruby program or C code
adds a method to a class with a ROM table, the COW mechanism creates a
mutable layer:

```ruby
class String
  def my_custom_method
    42
  end
end
"hello".my_custom_method  #=> 42
"hello".size              #=> 5 (still found in ROM layer)
```

### Method Removal

`remove_method` works on ROM methods using a tombstone marker. When a
method in a ROM layer is removed, a special entry (`MRB_MT_FUNC` flag with
`func=NULL`) is inserted into the mutable layer. The `mt_get()` lookup
treats this marker as "not found" and stops searching the chain,
effectively hiding the ROM entry. Unlike `undef_method` (which blocks
superclass lookup), `remove_method`'s tombstone allows the superclass
method to be found.

`undef_method` uses a different tombstone (`proc=NULL` without
`MRB_MT_FUNC`), which is returned by `mt_get()` so the caller raises
NoMethodError without searching the superclass.

### Class Duplication

`Class.dup` shares the ROM chain. The duplicated class gets an empty
mutable layer pointing to the same ROM layers as the original. No ROM
data is copied.

### Garbage Collection

ROM layers are skipped during GC mark and sweep phases. Only mutable
layers are scanned for live RProc references and freed when the class
is collected. ROM wrappers are freed at `mrb_close()` via the
`mrb->rom_mt` tracking list.

### Memory Measurement

`mrb_class_mt_memsize()` reports only mutable layer memory. ROM
wrappers are tracked separately and not counted per-class.

## Converting Existing Code

To convert existing `mrb_define_method_id()` calls to a ROM table:

1. **Count** the number of method definitions that can be converted.

2. **Create** the ROM entries array using `MRB_MT_ENTRY()`.

3. **Move** each `mrb_define_method_id()` call into the entries:
   - `MRB_MT_ENTRY(func, sym, aspec)` where:
     - `func` is the function pointer
     - `sym` is the symbol macro (e.g., `MRB_SYM(name)`)
     - `aspec` is the original `MRB_ARGS_*()` macro
   - For private methods, OR `MRB_MT_PRIVATE` into the aspec:
     `MRB_MT_ENTRY(func, sym, aspec | MRB_MT_PRIVATE)`

4. **Replace** the calls with `MRB_MT_INIT_ROM(mrb, c, entries)`.

5. **Keep** any methods that cannot be converted (see above) as
   individual `mrb_define_method_id()` calls after the ROM init.

6. **Build and test**: `rake CONFIG=host-debug -j24 all test:run:serial`

### Before

```c
void mrb_mruby_foo_gem_init(mrb_state *mrb) {
  struct RClass *foo = mrb_define_class_id(mrb, MRB_SYM(Foo), mrb->object_class);
  mrb_define_method_id(mrb, foo, MRB_SYM(bar), foo_bar, MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
  mrb_define_method_id(mrb, foo, MRB_SYM(baz), foo_baz, MRB_ARGS_NONE());
  mrb_define_method_id(mrb, foo, MRB_OPSYM(eq), foo_eq,  MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
}
```

### After

```c
static const mrb_mt_entry foo_rom_entries[] = {
  MRB_MT_ENTRY(foo_bar, MRB_SYM(bar),  MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
  MRB_MT_ENTRY(foo_baz, MRB_SYM(baz),  MRB_ARGS_NONE()),
  MRB_MT_ENTRY(foo_eq,  MRB_OPSYM(eq), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
};

void mrb_mruby_foo_gem_init(mrb_state *mrb) {
  struct RClass *foo = mrb_define_class_id(mrb, MRB_SYM(Foo), mrb->object_class);
  MRB_MT_INIT_ROM(mrb, foo, foo_rom_entries);
}
```
